A Level Biology Practice Exam

What characterizes systematic error in scientific measurement?

1. Errors that are random and unrepeatable

2. Inherent errors that persist across multiple trials

3. Errors that cancel each other out in averages

4. Occasional errors that do not affect reliability

The correct answer is: Inherent errors that persist across multiple trials

Systematic error is characterized by inherent biases in the measurement process that consistently skew results in a particular direction. These errors are not random; instead, they arise from flaws in the measurement system, whether that be calibration issues, consistent misreading of instruments, or environmental conditions affecting the outcomes of the measurement alike. When systematic errors occur, they remain consistent across multiple trials, which means that they can lead to misleading results even if experiments are repeated numerous times. This persistence can mask the true value being measured, thereby impacting the validity and overall reliability of the data collected. Understanding these characteristics is crucial because it enables scientists to identify and correct for these biases, which is essential for improving accuracy in experimental results. This also distinguishes systematic errors from random errors, which fluctuate unpredictably and do not have a consistent impact on measurement outcomes.