A Level Biology Practice Exam

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What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?

Protein synthesis
Energy production
Breakdown of waste materials
Synthesis of lipids

The correct answer is: Breakdown of waste materials

Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular maintenance and health, with their primary function being the breakdown of waste materials and cellular debris. These organelles contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. By breaking down these substances, lysosomes help recycle cellular components, allowing the cell to reclaim useful materials and remove waste products efficiently. This function is vital for cellular homeostasis and contributes to the overall functionality of the organism. In contrast, the other functions listed are carried out by different organelles; for instance, protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes, energy production primarily takes place in mitochondria, and lipid synthesis is associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Each of these processes is essential for cell biology but distinctly separate from the lysosomal role.