A Level Biology Practice Exam

What type of defense mechanisms prevent pathogens from entering the body?

1. Secondary defense

2. Primary defense

3. Tertiary defense

4. Adaptive defense

The correct answer is: Primary defense

Primary defense mechanisms are the first line of defense that the body employs to prevent pathogens from entering. These mechanisms include physical and chemical barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, and secretions like saliva and tears, which can trap and eliminate pathogens before they can cause infection. The skin acts as a physical barrier that protects underlying tissues, while mucous membranes line various openings in the body, producing mucus that helps to trap pathogens. Additionally, the acidity of sweat and the antimicrobial properties of secretions can further inhibit pathogen entry and growth. This immediate response is crucial for maintaining health and preventing infection, demonstrating the importance of primary defense mechanisms in the immune response. In contrast, secondary and tertiary defenses refer to more specific and systemic responses that occur after a pathogen has breached these initial barriers. Secondary defenses include the immunological responses activated post-infection, while tertiary defenses involve the adaptive immune responses, including the generation of antibodies. Therefore, primary defense mechanisms are essential for preventing pathogens from entering in the first place.